eXtensible Open Router Platform

XORP, or eXtensible Open Router Platform, is an open source Internet Protocol routing software suite.

It is designed from principles of software modularity and extensibility and aims at exhibiting stability and providing feature requirements for production use while also supporting networking research. The development project was founded by Mark Handley in 2000. Receiving funding from Intel, Microsoft, and the National Science Foundation, it released its first production software in July 2004. The project was then run by Atanu Ghosh of the International Computer Science Institute, in Berkeley, California.

In July 2008, the International Computer Science Institute transferred the XORP technology to a new entity, XORP Inc., a commercial startup founded by the leaders of the opensource project team and backed by Onset Ventures and Highland Capital Partners. In February 2010, XORP Inc. was wound up, a victim of the recession. However the open source project continued, with the servers based at University College London. In March 2011, Ben Greear became the project maintainer and the www.xorp.org server is now hosted by Candela Technologies.

The XORP codebase consists of around 670,000 lines of C++ and is developed primarily on FreeBSD, but fully supported on Linux, OpenBSD, DragonFlyBSD, NetBSD. Support for XORP on Microsoft Windows was recently re-added to the development tree. XORP is available for download as a Live CD or as source code via the project's homepage.

The software suite was selected commercially as the routing platform for the Vyatta line of products in its early releases, but later has been replaced with quagga.

Code Block

In computer programming, a block is a section of code which is grouped together. Blocks consist of one or more declarations and statements. A programming language that permits the creation of blocks, including blocks nested within other blocks, is called a block structured programming language.

Ideas of block structure were developed in the 1950s during the development of the first autocodes, and were formalized in the Algol 58 and Algol 60 reports. Algol 58 introduced the notion of the "compound statement", which was related solely to control flow. The subsequent Revised Report which described the syntax and semantics of Algol 60 introduced the notion of a block, consisting of " A sequence of declarations followed by a sequence of statements and enclosed between begin and end..." in which "[e]very declaration appears in a block in this way and is valid only for that block."

The function of blocks in programming is to enable groups of statements to be treated as if they were one statement, and to narrow the lexical scope of variables, procedures and functions declared in a block so that they do not conflict with variables having the same name used elsewhere in a program for different purposes.

The notion of blocks is introduced by different syntax in different languages, but there are two broad families: the ALGOL family in which blocks are delimited by the keywords begin and end, and the C family in which blocks are delimited by curly braces "{" and "}". Some other techniques used are indentation (Python) and s-expressions with a syntactic keyword such as "lambda" or "let" (Lisp family).

In a block-structured programming language, the names of variables and other objects such as procedures which are declared in outer blocks are visible inside other inner blocks, unless they are shadowed by an object of the same name.

Some languages which support blocks with variable declarations do not fully support all declarations; for instance many C-derived languages do not permit a function definition within a block. And unlike its ancestor Algol, Pascal does not support the use of blocks with their own declarations inside the begin and end of an existing block, only compound statements enabling sequenced of statements to be grouped together in if, while, repeat and other control statements.

Oracle

The Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation.

Larry Ellison and his friends and former co-workers Bob Miner and Ed Oates started the consultancy Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from the code-name of a CIA-funded project Ellison had worked on while previously employed by Ampex.

Physical and logical structures
An Oracle database system—identified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID—comprises at least one instance of the application, along with data storage. An instance—identified persistently by an instantiation number (or activation id: SYS.V_$DATABASE.ACTIVATION#)—comprises a set of operating-system processes and memory-structures that interact with the storage. Typical processes include PMON (the process monitor) and SMON (the system monitor).

Users of the Oracle databases refer to the server-side memory-structure as the SGA (System Global Area). The SGA typically holds cache information such as data-buffers, SQL commands, and user information. In addition to storage, the database consists of online redo logs (or logs), which hold transactional history. Processes can in turn archive the online redo logs into archive logs (offline redo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) for data recovery and for some forms of data replication.

If the Oracle database administrator has implemented Oracle RAC (Real Application Clusters), then multiple instances, usually on different servers, attach to a central storage array. This scenario offers advantages such as better performance, scalability and redundancy. However, support becomes more complex, and many sites do not use RAC. In version 10g, grid computing introduced shared resources where an instance can use (for example) CPU resources from another node (computer) in the grid.

The Oracle DBMS can store and execute stored procedures and functions within itself. PL/SQL (Oracle Corporation's proprietary procedural extension to SQL), or the object-oriented language Java can invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them.

Storage
The Oracle RDBMS stores data logically in the form of tablespaces and physically in the form of data files ("datafiles"). Tablespaces can contain various types of memory segments, such as Data Segments, Index Segments, etc. Segments in turn comprise one or more extents. Extents comprise groups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of data storage.

There is also a partitioning feature available on newer versions of the database, which allows tables to be partitioned based on different set of keys. Specific partitions can then be easily added or dropped to help manage large data sets.

Oracle database management tracks its computer data storage with the help of information stored in the SYSTEM tablespace. The SYSTEM tablespace contains the data dictionary—and often (by default) indexes and clusters. A data dictionary consists of a special collection of tables that contains information about all user-objects in the database. Since version 8i, the Oracle RDBMS also supports "locally managed" tablespaces which can store space management information in bitmaps in their own headers rather than in the SYSTEM tablespace (as happens with the default "dictionary-managed" tablespaces). Version 10g and later introduced the SYSAUX tablespace which contains some of the tables formerly in the SYSTEM tablespace.

Super Video Converter

SUPER (Simplified Universal Player Encoder & Renderer) (officially titled SUPER ©) is a closed-source freeware front-end for open-source software video players and encoders provided by the FFmpeg, MEncoder, MPlayer, x264, ffmpeg2theora, musepack, Monkey's Audio, True Audio, WavPack, libavcodec, and the Theora/Vorbis RealProducer plugIn projects. SUPER provides a graphical user interface to these back-end programs, which are command-line based.

Features
SUPER can manipulate and produce many multimedia file formats supported by its back-end programs.

Back-end program features supported by SUPER include saving various streaming protocols (mms, rtsp, and http), conversion of Flash Video to other formats, and user-controlled conversion of video between different container formats. Users can chose between various lossless direct audio/video transfers between container formats or lossy video/audio encoding, with encoding possessing the added ability to change video and audio specifications such as bitrate, frame rate, audio channels, resolution, sampling rate, and aspect ratio. SUPER is also able to utilize its back-end's built-in media players, allowing playback of supported video and audio formats.

SUPER requires to be installed and run under full administrative credentials. It also attempts to connect to the Internet every time it is run in order to check for auto-updates or prepare to stream the supported Internet Media Streams protocols. The author claims that denying internet access to SUPER will not affect its functionality. Every time SUPER is started it displays an information stating that the user should disable heuristic scanning in his/her antivirus program. However doing so could cause malicious code to be executed on the user's machine, especially given the fact that SUPER requires to be run under full administrative credentials.

Input file format support
File formats supported by SUPER as input source file for playing and transcoding include:

Video :
3GP, ASF, AVI, DAT, Microsoft Digital Video Recording (DVR-MS), FLIC animation (FLI and FLC), Flash Video (FLV), MPEG (both MPEG-1 and MPEG-2), Matroska (MKV), MPEG-4 Part 14 container (MP4), MPEG transport stream (TS and M2T and TRP), OGM Theora/Vorbis, Old PlayStation (STR), QuickTime movie (MOV and QT), RealVideo (RM and RMVB), Shockwave Flash (SWF), TiVo (TMF and TY and TY+), VivoActive (VIV), DVD video files (VOB), WebM, Windows Media Video (WMV)

Audio :
aac, AC3, ALAC, AMR, FLAC, MP2, MP3, M4A, Monkey's Audio Lossless (APE), Musepack audio SV7 & SV8(MPC), Ogg Vorbis, RealAudio (RA), True Audio Lossless (TTA), SMAF cell phone audio (MMF), WMA, WavPack Audio Lossless (WV), WAV

Other :
Avisynth scripts (AVS), Animated GIF images

System requirements :

• Operating System: Windows 98 SE, Windows Me, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, Windows Vista or Windows 7.
• Administrator privileges (if installed on Administrative account then subsequently converted to a Limited account during the same session, the program will work on the limited)
• 1.8 GHz Intel Pentium 4 processor or equivalent (64-bit CPU or OS support is NOT guaranteed)
• 512MB of RAM with 176MB available.
• 20GB of free space on the Hard disk where the OS is installed
• 1024 × 768 video resolution or larger
• 32,000-color video or more
• IE 5.01 or later
• Internet connection

SUPER is capable of working on machines with lesser capabilities; the actual minimum system requirements depend fully on the back-end programs and settings chosen by the program user.

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